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Buying a Home? You May Have Missed an Important Step

Buying a Home? You May Have Missed an Important Step



Shutterstock_164412314Anyone who is going through the process of buying a home knows that it can be a long and expensive process. And it’s one that you need to get right to build a solid financial future. From finding the right realtor to determining the most important factors for your next home, there are many important steps to take. Luckily, 360 Degrees of Financial Literacy and Feed the Pig are here to help. Here are four essential tips (including one many people overlook) to help you with the home-buying process:

  1. Find the right lender. There are many different types of mortgages, including fixed-rate, adjustable-rate, government-insured, conventional loans and others. The interest rate on your mortgage is based on several factors, including how much the home costs, how much money you are putting toward a down payment and the type and length of the mortgage. Make sure you consult a few reputable lenders to determine the best option for you. If you plan to get more than one quote, be sure to request these within days of each other to lessen the impact on your credit score.
  2. Search for the right home. Create a list of (reasonable) must-haves for your price-range. Is location or size of house more important to you? Do you like the neighborhood? Is it close to public transit? Does the right school district matter? Think about your home in a holistic way that takes into account the actual house and the surrounding area as well as your lifestyle. You probably won’t get everything on your list so having an understanding of needs versus wants will help speed the process.
  3. Find the right mortgage. Although it might be tempting to borrow as much as a bank will lend you, make sure this works with your budget. And the forgotten important step…
  4. Look at all living expenses. This is where first-time homebuyers sometimes get into trouble. Make sure your monthly budget accurately reflects all living expenses. Take into account not just the mortgage payment, but other items like property taxes, commuting expenses, utilities including gas, electric, and water. Be sure to take into account any immediate upgrades or repairs your new home may need, including big ticket items like kitchen and bathroom renovations, and repairs to the roof or floors.

For more information, check out this #creditchat, featuring David Lopez, CPA from the National CPA Financial Literacy Commission. Don’t forget about our calculator which figures the amount of income required to get a mortgage.

Dan Bond, Senior Manager – Communications and Consumer Education

Samantha Delgado, Manager – Communications and Consumer Education

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7 Models to Consider When Implementing the FASB’s New Credit Losses Standard

7 Models to Consider When Implementing the FASB’s New Credit Losses Standard



Shutterstock_408188569The Financial Accounting Standards Board has finalized its credit loss standard, Accounting Standards Update 2016-13—Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The new standard marks the end of accounting for credit losses using the Incurred Credit Loss model and replaces it with the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) model. The standard will have a significant impact on financial institutions. Additionally, it will apply to most debt instruments, trade receivables, lease receivables, reinsurance receivables, financial guarantee contracts and loan commitments.

Since the FASB did not restrict the type of methodologies institutions can use when implementing the new standard, I recommend that CPAs working at financial institutions, along with CPAs with financial institution clients, begin reviewing the different models now. You will want to consider the specific portfolio makeup of your or your clients’ institutions when deciding which method will work best. Here are some of the more common models currently in use by financial institutions that can be modified and used under the new standard:

  1. Discounted cash flow analysis. In one of the most widely used models in current practice, the discounted cash flows are calculated using the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. This type of analysis is one of the currently prescribed methods for measuring impairment on an individual impaired loan.
  2. Average charge-off method. The most commonly used approach for evaluating impairment on pools of financial assets, this method is fairly straightforward relative to many other approaches. This method calculates an estimate of losses primarily based on past experience.
  3. Vintage analysis. In this method, impairment is based on the age of the accounts and the historical asset performance of assets with similar risk characteristics. Those who adopt this methodology typically have financial assets that follow patterns or loss curves comparable and predictive for subsequent generations of financial assets (indirect auto loans, for example).
  4. Static pool analysis. This method is typically confused with the vintage analysis. The main difference is that a vintage analysis is based on the year of origination and/or the age of the asset while static pool analysis is based on a type of shared pooling criterion and assets originated in a similar time period.
  5. Roll-rate method (migration analysis). Roll rates in this method are determined by predicting credit losses by segmentation (by delinquency or risk rating, for example) of a portfolio of financial assets.
  6. Probability-of-default method. This modelling method incorporates three components: probability of default, exposure at default, and loss given default. It is used by many risk management systems and within the Basel II and Basel III frameworks.
  7. Regression analysis. This is one of the more complex models. Essentially, an institution uses statistics to determine an estimate of credit losses (the dependent variable) based on one or multiple inputs (independent variables).

Whichever model the institution decides to use will depend on the specific portfolio makeup of that institution. Hopefully most institutions have already devoted some time and resources toward researching how to implement the standard. If not, the time is now. The standard is effective for business entities that meet the definition of an SEC filer, for fiscal years (and interim periods within those fiscal years) beginning after December 15, 2019. For other public business entities, the standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, including not-for-profit organizations and employee benefit plans, the standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption will be permitted for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those

fiscal years.

The AICPA is here to help. The AICPA’s Financial Instruments webpage contains up-to-date information on the new standard. Additionally, the AICPA is hosting a webcast providing an overview of credit losses on financial instruments on July 28 at 2 p.m. ET. Several sessions at the National Conference for Banks & Savings Institutions on September 21-23 in Washington, DC as well as the Conference on Credit Unions on October 24-26 in Orlando, FL will be devoted to discussing Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) implementation. In addition to attending the sessions, conferences are a great way to network with other practitioners and professionals working at financial institutions and learn what models they are considering.   

 

Salome Tinker, Senior Technical Manager- Accounting Standards, American Institute of CPAs.

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5 Steps to Increase Effectiveness for Not-for-Profit Leaders

5 Steps to Increase Effectiveness for Not-for-Profit Leaders

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At AICPA’s Not-for-Profit Industry Conference, keynote speaker Barry Melancon, President and CEO of AICPA joined a panel that included Michael Forster, CFO of Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; Carolyn Mollen, CFO of Independent Sector; and Joe Stradinger, founder of EdgeTheory. The panel was moderated by Lou Mezzina of KMPG LLP.

Financial professionals face ever-changing business and regulatory challenges that necessitate a wider range of skills and competencies. This was a topic of discussion at this year’s AICPA Not-for-Profit Industry Conference. Outlined below are five ways to run your not-for-profit more effectively, inspired by our panel of nonprofit executives.

 

  1. Connect the mission with strategy. A not-for-profit’s success is measured not just by the strength of its balance sheet, but by its ability to execute its mission. . Keep in mind that mission-related decisions have financial implications. Before deciding on a fundraising campaign or a revamp to your program design, consider if the effort is fiscally sound and if it will bring you closer to achieving your mission. Because finance and mission goals are inseparable, leaders must have a deep understanding of operational complexities.
  2. Think holistically. Leading change requires more than just technical skills. Today’s financial leaders need to be adept communicators and adaptable in order to bring about transformation. Delivering results in a fast-paced environment means focusing on both preserving financial viability and thinking holistically about strategies needed to drive results. Many Chief Financial Officers report spending the majority of their time tackling big picture issues rather than detail oriented technical ones.
  • Remember messaging and mentoring are key to attracting and retaining talent. Most not-for-profits are unable to compete with the private sector in terms of compensation. However, you can make up for that by fostering a strong organizational culture that provides meaningful opportunities for growth. Millennials are the largest generation in the U.S. labor force today. Surveys indicate that millennials are motivated to work at not-for-profits partly because they are attracted to a particular cause and want to make a difference. Use this knowledge to tailor the messaging your organization uses for recruiting. Once you have recruited staff, involve them as much as possible. Include them in upper management meetings when appropriate. Make sure that you have support systems in place that foster nurturing and advancement.
  • Embrace the trend toward integrated reporting. Stakeholders want to see how they are getting a return on their investment of time, money or resources to the organization’s cause. To remain competitive, not-for-profit leaders need to understand their stakeholders’ needs. Supporters and constituents of not-for-profits want more than just traditional financial reports—they want to understand impacts. Integrated reporting goes beyond just financial results and provides a broader picture of how the entity creates and sustains value and, ultimately, achieves its mission. These reports can also form the basis for more meaningful and effective communications to engage external stakeholders.
  • Focus on communications to garner support and raise awareness. Historically, charitable organizations have relied on emotional appeals to attract supporters, but there has been a shift in this approach. You can help fine-tune your organization’s messaging to appeal not just to emotion, but to facts and logic as well. Word of mouth lends even greater credibility. Do not just think of contributions as merely time and money, but also the value of a voice. Help your supporters, including board members and volunteers, find the right words to articulate the mission and organizational results as well as outcomes. Ultimately, this expanded voice will lead to growth and scale beyond what the organization could accomplish alone.

If you want to learn more about best practices for not-for-profits, I recommend AICPA’s online e-learning course, “Aligning Mission with Strategy.”  This course is offered individually  or as part of the AICPA Not-for-Profit Certificate Program. Members of the AICPA Not-for-Profit Section are eligible for a 20 percent discount.

Sandi Matthews, CPA, CGMA, Technical Manager- Not-for-Profit Section, American Institute of CPAs.


     

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Passion for Performance: A CGMA’s Perspective

Passion for Performance: A CGMA’s Perspective

Lindsey Branston for AICPA_074Lindsey Branston, CPA, CGMA, is director of financial operations for the 70,000-member BMW Car Club of America and director of finance for the club’s charitable foundation in Greenville, S.C.

What’s your passion?

I’ve been fortunate to join an organization where my passion for strategy and financial analysis fit hand in glove with my love for cars and driving. As a CGMA, I know many financial strategies work on paper, but success depends on a deep understanding of how the club operates and of our members’ needs and desires. Our members are BMW enthusiasts—I’m one too. I go to car events all over the world to keep my finger on the pulse of BMW owner culture. Both my husband and I drive BMWs: an X5 SUV and a 435 convertible. Like many of our members, there’s a car I dream about owning. For me it’s an E9, a coupe built from 1968 to 1975.

How did you end up in a finance job for BMW?

When I was in public accounting, I worked with the BMW Car Club doing their audits. Then I started my own accounting firm and contracted with the club to provide financial management services. Since becoming a CGMA, I’ve expanded the work that I’ve done with the club and the foundation.

What are the keys to your success?

BMW owners—our members—tend to be people of influence. They have high performance expectations of their cars and of their car club too. Knowing this, I’m always looking to increase my own skills to make the organization stronger. The CGMA groups competencies into: technical, business, people and leadership. All of these are necessary for a finance director or CFO. In my case, because I started my career in public accounting, I had a strong technical background and a pretty strong business background too. So, I’ve focused on developing my people and leadership skills—these are key to my success in advising our executive director and board and in working with business partners.

If you could name just one skill…

Skills-wise, an analytical mind is the most important thing to have. It’s like tuning a car—not just the engine but the whole car. Everything that you’re doing, you’ve constantly got to be looking at it from different angles—thinking strategically. How is this going to affect that? What is the ultimate goal? Why are these details playing into the big picture? The ability to look at things from different angles is not just seeing numbers on the page, but really trying to take in all of the aspects of the business in order to lay into the financial side. Essentially it’s a combination of skills related to big-picture perspective.

How do you approach communication?

Too often we think of communication in terms of getting your message out to people and persuading them to do what you want. That’s part of it. But it’s not the most important part. The most critical skill for an effective management accountant is the ability to listen to others. Numbers might start a discussion, but people will tell you a story. Keep your eyes and ears open. As you listen you’ll gather knowledge and, more importantly, establish trust—trust that you’ll need when it comes time to persuade people. The CGMA puts a lot of emphasis on communication—it’s critically important.



Advice for people entering the profession?

Don’t be afraid to pursue your passions. When combined with the right competencies and performance, focusing on what you love can lead to a highly rewarding career.

The CGMA Program is helping grow and strengthen finance teams across industries and around the globe. We invite you to explore the possibilities that will open up when you begin the CGMA Program.

Colette Krahenbuhl, Senior Manager—CGMA Communications and Public Relations, American Institute of CPAs.

Bugs Umamaheswar, Marketing Manager—CGMA and Management Accounting, American Institute of CPAs.


     

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3 Things to Keep When You Tackle Clutter

3 Things to Keep When You Tackle Clutter

Shutterstock_375900517The world now seems chockful of tips to streamline your desk, your home and even your life. This isn’t a bad thing. For CPAs, the files pile up fast. Not to mention the articles, notes, e-mails and phone messages.

At home, the challenge to keep a grip on all the stuff can be even bigger with old clothes, shoes, sports equipment, tchotchkes and other stuff.  The cappuccino maker that your brother-in-law bought you is collecting dust but you feel guilty giving it away.  Or, in the case of my parents, it was books, tons of them. “They were like houseguests who never left,” my brother observed.  In her bestseller, “The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up: The Japanese Art of Decluttering and Organizing,” Marie “KonMari” Kondo advises getting rid of things that don’t bring them joy.

Being surrounded by useless things, be they old magazines or appliances or clothes, can be draining. I am a big fan of regular (ok, semi-regular) sweeps to free up visual space, bringing an “ah” feeling to your eyes and brain. However, I want to caution you in your zeal to unclutter to consider keeping a few items that you may regret tossing later.  With all due respect to Kondo, it doesn’t have to bring you joy, but provide a crucial link with a person or memory you cherish.

This article on sorting mementos suggests keeping items that relate to positive experiences like triumphing over adversity and letting go of things that relate to other people’s life events (an invite to your brother’s wedding). Of course, it’s a personal decision of what is important to you to save; below are my suggestions based on my experience, as well as related tips for retrieving or storing. 

  • Phone messages: I can’t tell you how glad I am that I didn’t get too efficient in deleting messages from my mother. A few weeks after she died, I went through them so I could hear her voice. There were ones I had forgotten, including one on my birthday, wishing me a good year and telling me she loved me.  So before you hit the delete button, stop and consider whether this is a message you’d like to hear again.

I wish I could say this was a simple thing for me to retain but the logistics were not as simple as I had hoped, especially since it was an older phone. The service provider did not transfer them to my new phone so I downloaded free software called Audacity to save the messages to my computer. Fortunately, some folks have gone to the trouble of posting a video to explain how to do this and it was easier than I expected.

  • Cards and Letters: Holding on to every birthday or thank-you card can create real space problems and you’re not likely to re-read them all. But here again, I am grateful that I kept some of the cards from friends and relatives that reminded me of moments we shared or my relationship with them.

How do you choose?  I kept what I considered representative samples; for example, one letter from siblings or parents while I was in college, one card from Grandma, etc. I also held onto to some with messages in them beyond “Happy B-day” or Love, Mom. Remember that when you read cards at a party or while sorting your mail, the message may not register so consider giving them a grace period of a week or two, then decide whether to toss. To keep it under control, you may want to set a limit and keep only what will fit in one box or album that are safe for long-term storage (see below).        

  • Photographs: With smart phones working as mobile cameras, keeping photos is not as much of a challenge as is doing something with them. It gets overwhelming fast, especially when you add in pictures posted by friends or family on social media. I am considering hiring someone to help me organize what I have so it will finally get done—at least until the next batch starts to pile up.

If you want to put off that task, I understand but there are some  important steps to take now:  

(1) Check that any storage boxes or albums are lined with acid-free paper so they will preserve well. These are widely available at craft stores or online. Certain clear plastic boxes are okay too; these tips from a storage expert will help you choose. 

(2) Back up images that are stored electronically. Most of us have learned the hard way that crashes happen, which is why you back up work files. Treat those irreplaceable vacation photos the same way. Consider using a cloud-based service to store your photos remotely to protect against computer failures. There are a number of services out there, and this article gives a quick overview of some of the more popular ones.

(3) Label, label, label.  Trust me, you won’t remember all those names five or 10 years from now. And if you are labeling print photos, use a pencil rather than a pen.

For comprehensive pointers on preserving just about anything, from videotapes and furniture to flags and tools, the American Institution of Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works has you covered.

Ann Marie Maloney, Communications Manager- Tax, American Institute of CPAs.

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The Current Expected Credit Loss Model is Here… Now What?

The Current Expected Credit Loss Model is Here… Now What?

HamiltonYou know the feeling you get when you are excitedly looking forward to something? It just can’t come soon enough. For instance, you enter Broadway’s mega-popular Hamilton — the musical lottery — every morning and anxiously await the email saying that you won. Even if the chances are only 909 to 1. 

The financial institution community has been anticipating the release of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s credit losses standard. We have been following the process since the beginning. We reviewed drafts and submitted comments along the way. We participated in focus groups and met with the FASB to discuss the community banks’ concerns. The final standard is here. Now what?

Last month, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326). The release of this new standard marks the end of accounting for credit losses using an incurred model. Institutions should not only consider all factors that have been incurred as of the reporting date, but also should estimate losses over the life of the loan. If an institution cannot estimate credit losses to the end of the loan’s life, taking into consideration any anticipated prepayments, it must estimate as far as it can and then revert back to the mean for the remaining years. This process sounds simple enough to implement, right?

Large banks and credit unions may have the necessary resources to build new models. However, this may not be the case for small community banks and most credit unions. This population will require education in order to get the accounting right. This subset of financial institutions will need to consider the methodologies available carefully, as well as how their existing allowance strategies would convert to lifetime expected credit losses under the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) model. They will want to consider whether the institution will build upon their existing model or acquire new modelling tools from external vendors. In a subsequent blog post, I will discuss various methodologies that institutions can use when implementing the new standard.

The AICPA is here to help. In this video, I provide an overview of the new standard and highlight some of the resources that will be made available. Visit the AICPA’s Financial Instruments webpage for up-to-date information on the new standard. Additionally, the AICPA is hosting a webcast providing an overview of credit losses on financial instruments on July 28 at 2:00 p.m. ET.  

   

Salome Tinker, AICPA Senior Technical Manager – Accounting Standards Team, American Institute of CPAs.

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Introducing a New Era in XBRL Data

Introducing a New Era in XBRL Data

Financial statementsWe could soon start to see a shift in how investors and other financial statement users access and analyze public company financial statement data. With the use of a technology called inline XBRL (iXBRL), data consumers will have access to view XBRL metadata while reading financial statements within their browsers.

In June, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) issued an order to permit operating companies to use iXBRL in their periodic and current reports through March 2020. iXBRL enables XBRL information to be embedded into the HTML financial statement filing — as opposed to including XBRL data in a separate XBRL Exhibit. For filers that use iXBRL in their financial statements, this metadata will be viewable on the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (EDGAR) system which now provides an iXBRL viewer. The SEC’s iXBRL viewer also provides enhanced search capabilities within the filings that use iXBRL.

Why is this important? The XBRL tags provide more information than what was previously available in the plain HTML file, such as a definition of the reported fact and a reference to the FASB Codification for each tag used. For example, if an investor searches for a disclosure within a financial report using the FASB reference, iXBRL allows users to easily find all facts in a filing tagged with that reference. This functionality is not new in terms of what XBRL can provide. However previously, in order to perform such functions, XBRL enabled software was required. The SEC is now making this tool available to all users on their website for those filings that use iXBRL.

The use of iXBRL also has the capability to help ease the review of the XBRL tagged document for financial statement preparers because the XBRL information will be viewable within the financial statements themselves. The SEC noted in its announcement that, “the format could decrease filing preparation costs, improve the quality of structured data, and, by improving data quality, increase the use of XBRL data by investors and other market participants.”

One group that is focused on the quality of XBRL data is the XBRL US Data Quality Committee (DQC), of which the AICPA is a member. The DQC develops guidance and validation rules for companies that can prevent or detect inconsistencies or errors in XBRL data filed with the SEC. Recently, the DQC reported a significant improvement in year-over-year filing quality for XBRL submissions to the SEC. The DQC analyzed the results of running its first set of validation rules, which became effective January 2016. With those rules in effect, filers reduced the number of errors in their filings by 64 percent in the first quarter of 2016 as compared with the first quarter of 2015, for the data covered.

This demonstrates that the work of the DQC is making an impact and a sign that data accuracy in XBRL tagging is improving. The DQC’s rules are freely available on the open source Arelle XBRL platform and XBRL US offers a tool on its website to run the filings against the approved rules.

XBRL US recently announced the launch of its second public review and comment period for new proposed guidance, five new validation rules and proposed additions to the DQC’s previously issued rule to detect inappropriate negative values. These proposals will help filers identify errors in the XBRL data due to inappropriate combinations of concepts, concepts that are no longer supported by the US GAAP Taxonomy, and inappropriate positive or negative values.

The 60-day comment period is open through August 31, 2016. The open period provides stakeholders with documentation on how each rule functions and the ability to analyze their own filings to test the rules. Public review and input is an important part of the process to ensure that the final rules appropriately detect errors in the filings. I encourage members to review the tagging guidance and new set of rules, and to embrace the progress of a new era for XBRL data.


     

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Do You Remember a Mentor’s Best Advice?

Do You Remember a Mentor’s Best Advice?

MentoringHave you ever approached a crossroads in your career and weren’t sure which path to take next? Or maybe you were struggling—with no luck—to gain more confidence and visibility in your job. If you were fortunate enough to have a mentor at these critical junctures, there’s a good chance you gained valuable insights into the best solutions and smartest next steps. In fact, 75% of executives in a poll by the Association for Talent Development said that a mentor had been critical in helping them ascend to their current position.

Mentoring includes imparting wisdom that the mentor has gained through a lifetime of business and personal experience. We reached out to members on LinkedIn and asked them to share some of the best advice they’d received from mentors throughout their careers. Here’s what they had to say:

  • Approach life with an unwavering set of core values. Integrity is the most important. — David Almonte, CPA, CGMA
  • It’s okay to tell a client, “I don’t know. I’ll figure out the answer and get back to you.” — Ralph T. Shinn, CPA
  • There’s always going to be an excuse not to do something, whether it’s work, family, school. If you want to make real change, then you have to take a risk. — Eric Butts, CPA
  • Don’t look for a job. Look for a customer for your services. — Tom Quinn, CPA
  • Tell the financial and operations story, not just the numbers. — Lucinda Coffman, CPA
  • As Wayne Gretzky once said, “You miss 100% of the shots you don’t take.” Failure is the key to learning and learning is the key to success. — David Almonte, CPA, CGMA
  • Sometimes you have to say “no,” particularly when your to-do list might limit your effectiveness. — Richard Jones, CPA

If you don’t have one yet, you’ll find that a mentor has similar insights to offer, as well as specific ideas that suit your unique needs. The AICPA is piloting an Online Mentoring Program, a simple-to-use tool available for free to AICPA members. The program connects mentors and mentees with similar interests and fosters relationships entirely online.  The initial questionnaire to match mentees and mentors takes less than five minutes to complete. The program also offers a wealth of resources including the Share. Learn. Grow. Mentor guide and the Firm inMotion A PCPS Toolkit: Mentoring Guide. The ultimate goal is to enable participants to fully benefit from the mentoring experience. Find out what mentoring, and this valuable new resource, can do for you.  First-time users should use the passcode aicpa2016 to sign up.

What was the best advice a mentor has given you?

Yasmine ElRamly, Senior Technical Manager- Firm Services & Global Alliances, American Institute of CPAs.

Mentoring image courtesy of Shutterstock


     

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Modernizing Fax Filings with the IRS

Modernizing Fax Filings with the IRS



Shutterstock_156974060Federal and state agencies, including the court systems, are modernizing by allowing the electronic filing of petitions and other court documents. For example, Alabama, Texas, Illinois and Missouri have e-filing systems for court petitions. In 2014, two federal courts (2nd and 9th Circuit Courts of Appeals) piloted an e-filing program for all courts in which the user is authorized to file electronically. The program is expected to become national in the next few years.

The IRS is also modernizing, although not as fast as many practitioners (or the AICPA) would like. Calls to the IRS and cases can be routed to any IRS employee or office all over the country. We are seeing more appeals conferences conducted by telephone with the various service centers instead of in person and expect Skype-type conferences to become more common. For many years, the IRS has electronically processed bank account and wage levies on delinquent accounts. Now, the IRS is also able to issue electronic summonses to eBay and PayPal.

Since November, the IRS has expanded the acceptance of signed forms by fax, including consents to assess additional tax of any amount, taxpayer closing agreements involving any amount and consents to extend the time to assess tax.

This small step may eventually lead to virtual audits and virtual hearings. The expanded consent will be most useful and necessary to preparers who need to perfect (correct small ministerial errors in) the original but rejected e-filed returns during the filing process, resolve post-filing issues and perhaps file delinquent client returns. Original tax returns are not accepted by fax, except as part of return perfection, presumably to encourage e-filing. As such, an unsigned original return can now be perfected with a faxed signature. Generally, faxed signatures will be considered legally sufficient where the IRS has been in contact with a taxpayer, and that contact has been documented in the IRS files.

Note that the IRS will not independently send an acknowledgment of received faxes, but the taxpayer or representative with a power of attorney (POA) may call and request a verbal confirmation of receipt if they feel that the fax report that is generally generated by the sender is insufficient.

The IRS is working on Internal Revenue Manual (IRM) changes that reflect this new policy, which will apply to all divisions that assess and collect income tax, employment tax, excise tax, estate tax, gift tax, generation-skipping transfer tax, tax-exempt filings and employee plan determinations. However, most determination letters, including those for employee plans and exempt organizations, will not be accepted by fax. A list of forms that are now accepted (where the IRS has been in contact with the taxpayer and documented the taxpayer history file) includes:

  • Requests for innocent spouse relief and injured spouse claims.
  • Taxpayer statement about a refund.
  • Installment agreements and offers in compromise (Forms 433-D and 656).
  • Collection information statements (Forms 433-A and 433-B).
  • Early referral requests, fast track mediation requests and requests for collection due process (CDP) hearings.
  • Letters to designate a payment, request non-filing of a lien, or a lien release or lien withdrawal.
  • Letters to request non-assertion of a penalty or to provide a reasonable cause statement.
  • Election by a small business corporation (Form 2553).
  • Consents to assess additional tax or to extend the statute of limitation on assessing tax.
  • Taxpayer closing agreements.

In summary, the electronic world is here and the more the IRS is able to service taxpayers electronically, the better our experiences with the IRS will likely be.  

Check out the AICPA’s IRS Procedure & Tax Administration page, which includes resources to also help with your experiences with the IRS, such as an IRS Organizational Chart and IRS Hotlines Quick Reference Chart.

 

Valrie Chambers, CPA, PhD, Associate Professor of Accounting, Stetson University. She has over a decade of public accounting experience as owner/partner-in-charge of a CPA firm in Houston that specialized in advising small business owners. Dr. Chambers has been published in numerous journals and received the Texas Society of CPAs Outstanding Accounting Educator Award for mid-sized Texas universities in 2012. She has volunteered for the AICPA and the IRS’ Volunteer Income Tax Assistance in Corpus Christi.

Gerard Schreiber Jr., CPA, Partner, Schreiber & Schreiber CPAs. Gerard specializes in tax, accounting and consulting matters for individuals and small businesses. He serves on the AICPA IRS Advocacy and Relations Committee and has authored numerous courses and articles on various tax subjects.

Laptops with files image courtesy of Shutterstock


     

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3 Things CPAs Need to Understand about Crowdfunding

3 Things CPAs Need to Understand about Crowdfunding



Shutterstock_270504203If a client came to you 10 years ago with an innovative idea for a new product, such as a winter coat that is warmer and lighter than any other on the market—you might say “Great idea. How will you fund development of a prototype?” Back then seeking funding was not yet a simple task. But in 2016, there are myriad crowdfunding sites available to help would-be entrepreneurs take their ideas and make them a reality. As a CPA, you are in a position to help ensure your client seeks this funding properly and in a fiscally responsible manner.

You may not yet be familiar with the rules and regulations surrounding crowdfunding, but the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission released new rules in May. These guidelines, along with revisions last year to the existing Regulation A rules, expand the opportunities for small business capital raising by simplifying requirements for small businesses to access the capital markets. Both rules were issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act.

The revisions to Regulation A and new Regulation Crowdfunding rules offer exciting opportunities for CPAs and their clients. However, it is important that CPAs be well-versed in the intricacies of these rules prior to beginning these engagements. Here are three things you need to know to better serve your clients in this area:

  1. Companies raising funds under the new rules are subject to increasing levels of financial disclosure. These requirements range from simply providing tax-return based information to supplying full set of financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The applicable requirements are determined based on the size of the offering.
  2. Depending on the type of issuance and level of the offering, varying levels of assurance on financial statements may be required. In some cases, an audit is required. The audit may be conducted under the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) or U.S. generally accepted auditing standards.
  3. If your client chooses PCAOB standards, the audit must still be performed in accordance with U.S. GAAS. Again, in some instances depending upon the type of issuance and level of offering, the auditor may be required to comply with the SEC’s auditor independence rules, rather than the AICPA’s auditor independence rules.

For more information, watch this video, where I provide an overview of the rules. In addition, the AICPA’s Crowdfunding and Regulation A+ webpage contains up-to-date information on the rules, including summary documents.

Now when your client reaches out to her family and friends requesting funds to support her new product with the help of a crowdfunding website, she will have confidence that she is abiding by the SEC’s rules, thanks to your help.

Lisa Joseph, CPA, Technical Manager- Peer Review, American Institute of CPAs.

 Crowdfunding image courtesy of Shutterstock


     

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Source: AICPA